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Groups of Agents with a Leader ' V% n. r% c! Q$ F! w3 x4 s
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation vol. 10, no. 4 part33 共240字,请翻译。
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4.10 Applying this abstract interpretation, we conclude that in the absence of a leader or communication, small groups of agents outperform large ones in solving collective problems. However, groups with a leader perform better than groups without a leader, and the beneficial effects of the presence of a leader are greater for large than for small groups. This is because the presence of a leader orients the way the group searches for a solution: when one individual finds the solution, the others are already close to it. The same beneficial effect can also be obtained without a leader, for instance if each individual in the group tends to imitate other individuals (swarm behavior). However, the best results are obtained when the leader has a stronger problem solving capability than its followers. In this case the leader leads the entire group to the solution, thereby solving the collective problem. The presence of an individual with superior problem-solving capabilities who is not the leader has only a limited positive influence on group performance. To achieve superior performance, it is necessary that the leader should be better at solving problems than other individuals in the group. The problem of how to select such a leader is one of the basic problems facing a democratic society. In his Politics, Aristotle (2000) writes that leaders should be individuals who "can predict with intelligence". But in actual human societies leaders are not always chosen on this basis. |